TechXplore
People drive significantly less in European cities with a metro system than in cities that only have trams or no rail-based public transport at all, with the average share of car trips at 37% in metro cities compared to 50% for trams and 54% for cities without rail. Metros support higher public transport use and more effectively reduce car dependency than trams, which have limited impact even as city size increases.
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-metros-car-european-cities-trams.html
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